- With reference to marine diesel oil:
(a) define EACH of the following terms, stating the unit used in EACH:
(i) density;(2)
(ii) viscosity;(2)
(iii) flash point.(2)
(b) excluding the THREE terms listed in part (a), state FOUR items of information contained on a Bunker delivery note.(4)
Definition of Density:
Density is a fundamental property of matter that describes how much mass is contained within a given volume of a substance. In simpler terms, it’s a measure of how tightly packed the matter is within a particular space.
1. Lesson 3.1: What is Density? – American Chemical Society
Unit of Density:
The standard unit of density in the International System of Units (SI) is kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).
1. 1.6: The Units of Measurement – Chemistry LibreTexts
However, other commonly used units include:
- grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) – often used for solids and liquids. 1. Gram per cubic centimetre – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
- kilograms per liter (kg/L) – sometimes used for gases.
Formula for Density:
Density (ρ) is calculated using the following formula:
1. Formula For Density – GCSE Maths – Steps & Examples – Third Space Learning
where:
- ρ = density 1. Density | Definition, Symbol, Units, Formula, & Facts | Britannica www.britannica.com
- m = mass of the substance 1. Density | Definition, Symbol, Units, Formula, & Facts | Britannica www.britannica.com
- V = volume of the substance 1. Density | Definition, Symbol, Units, Formula, & Facts | Britannica www.britannica.com
Let me know if you’d like more information or examples related to density!
Definition of Viscosity:
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow or deformation. In simpler terms, it describes the “thickness” or “internal friction” of a fluid. A fluid with high viscosity, like honey, flows slowly, while a fluid with low viscosity, like water, flows easily.
2. Understanding Liquid Viscosity – Quadro Liquids
Unit of Viscosity:
The SI unit of dynamic viscosity (the most common type of viscosity) is the pascal-second (Pa·s).
1. Common Units for Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity – RheoSense
Other commonly used units include:
- Poise (P): This is the CGS unit of viscosity. 1 P = 0.1 Pa·s 1. [Solved] CGS unit of Viscosity is ______. – Testbook testbook.com2. Viscosity – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
- Centipoise (cP): This is a more convenient unit for many everyday fluids. 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s 1. Viscosity – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
Relationship between Viscosity and Temperature:
- Liquids: The viscosity of liquids generally decreases with increasing temperature. Think of how honey flows more easily when heated. 1. Temperature dependence of viscosity – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
- Gases: The viscosity of gases generally increases with increasing temperature. 1. Temperature dependence of viscosity – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
Let me know if you’d like more information or examples on viscosity!
Definition of Flash Point:
The flash point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. When this mixture encounters an ignition source (like a spark or flame), it can briefly ignite or “flash.”
2. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Overview – UCSD Blink
Unit of Flash Point:
The flash point is typically measured and expressed in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
1. Flash point | Temperature Measurement, Ignition Temperature & Flammability | Britannica
Key Points about Flash Point:
- Safety Indicator: The flash point is a crucial safety parameter, particularly when handling flammable liquids. Liquids with lower flash points are more easily ignitable and therefore pose a greater fire hazard. 1. Flammable Liquids: Difference Between Flash Point and Auto-Ignition Temperature blog.storemasta.com.au2. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Overview – UCSD Blink blink.ucsd.edu
- Classification of Liquids: The flash point is often used to classify liquids into categories based on their flammability:
- Flammable liquids: Flash point below 37.8 °C (100 °F) 1. 8.2 Flammable and Combustible Liquids – Environment, Health and Safety ehs.cornell.edu
- Combustible liquids: Flash point at or above 37.8 °C (100 °F)
- Vapor Pressure: The flash point is directly related to the liquid’s vapor pressure, which is the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid at equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature. Higher vapor pressure generally leads to a lower flash point. 1. Flammable Liquids www.chem.fsu.edu
- Measurement Methods: Several standardized methods exist for measuring flash point, including open cup and closed cup methods. The choice of method depends on the type of liquid and its intended use. 1. Basics of Pensky-Martens closed-cup flash point testing | Anton Paar Wiki wiki.anton-paar.com
Important Note: The flash point is not the temperature at which the liquid will continue to burn. For sustained combustion, the liquid’s temperature must reach its fire point, which is typically higher than the flash point.
Information contained on a Bunker delivery note
A Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) is a crucial document in the maritime industry that records essential information about the fuel oil delivered to a vessel. It serves as proof of fuel delivery, helps ensure compliance with environmental regulations, and facilitates fuel quality control.
1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) – Wärtsilä
2. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine
Items of information typically found on a Bunker Delivery Note:
- Vessel Information:
- Name of the receiving vessel 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- IMO number of the vessel 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com
- Port of bunkering 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) – Wärtsilä www.wartsila.com
- Delivery Details:
- Date of commencement of delivery 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Name, address, and telephone number of the fuel oil supplier 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) – Wärtsilä www.wartsila.com
- Fuel Oil Specifications:
- Product name(s) (e.g., Heavy Fuel Oil, Marine Diesel Oil) 1. Do you know what a Bunker Delivery Note includes? – SAFETY4SEA safety4sea.com
- Quantity in metric tons 1. Do you know what a Bunker Delivery Note includes? – SAFETY4SEA safety4sea.com
- Density at 15 degrees Celsius (kg/m3) 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Sulfur content (% m/m) 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Flashpoint (°C) – as of May 2024 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Declaration of Conformity:
- A signed and certified declaration by the fuel oil supplier’s representative stating that:
- The fuel oil supplied is in conformity with the applicable regulations of MARPOL Annex VI (e.g., sulfur content limits). 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com
- The sulfur content of the fuel does not exceed any specified limits or exemptions. 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Bunker Sample Seal Numbers:
- Identification numbers of the seals used to secure the bunker samples taken during the delivery. These samples are crucial for verifying fuel quality and compliance with regulations. 1. Bunker Sampling | MEPC.182(59) | ISO 13739 | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com2. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com
- Additional Information (if applicable):
- The BDN may also include other relevant information, such as:
- Delivery temperature
- Viscosity
- Calorific value
- Any specific instructions or recommendations related to the fuel’s handling or use
- Signatures:
- The BDN must be signed and certified by both the fuel oil supplier’s representative and the ship’s representative (usually the Chief Engineer or another designated officer).
Importance of the BDN:
- Proof of Fuel Delivery: It serves as a legal document evidencing the quantity and quality of fuel oil received by the vessel. 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com
- Regulatory Compliance: It helps ensure compliance with MARPOL Annex VI regulations, particularly regarding sulfur content limits and fuel quality. 1. Bunker delivery note requirements | Australian Maritime Safety Authority www.amsa.gov.au
- Fuel Quality Control: The BDN, along with bunker samples, allows for verifying the fuel’s specifications and addressing any quality concerns. 1. Bunker Delivery Note (BDN) Transition | ExxonMobil Marine www.exxonmobil.com
- Record Keeping: It is a crucial part of the ship’s records, retained for at least three years for inspection purposes. 1. Update on Unified Interpretations to MARPOL Annex VI relating to electronic Bunker Delivery Notes – Lloyd’s Register www.lr.org
In conclusion, the Bunker Delivery Note is a vital document in the maritime industry that plays a key role in ensuring transparency, compliance, and quality control in fuel oil bunkering operations.