With reference to the Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seafarers and entering enclosed or confined spaces, state EACH of the following:
(a) the reasons why the atmosphere of any enclosed space is potentially dangerous;(4)
(b) the precautions to be taken before a potentially dangerous space is entered.(6)
With reference to the Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seafarers and entering enclosed or confined spaces:
(a) Reasons why the atmosphere of any enclosed space is potentially dangerous (4 marks)
- Oxygen deficiency (due to rusting, oxidation, or previous cargo consumption of O₂).
- Presence of toxic gases (e.g. hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons).
- Presence of flammable or explosive gases/vapours.
- Possibility of an unexpected change in atmosphere (due to leaks or ongoing chemical reactions).
(b) Precautions to be taken before a potentially dangerous space is entered (6 marks)
- Carry out a risk assessment and obtain a Permit to Work.
- Thoroughly ventilate the space (forced or natural ventilation).
- Test the atmosphere with calibrated instruments for oxygen content, flammable gases, and toxic gases before entry.
- Ensure a stand-by person is stationed outside the space with means of communication.
- Provide personnel with appropriate PPE and rescue equipment (e.g. harness, lifeline, breathing apparatus if required).
- Establish and test an emergency rescue plan before entry begins.